tkinter:Toplevel

一、概述

Toplevel 组件可以提供单独的容器

二、代码

import tkinter as tk

# 主顶层
win = tk.Tk()
win.title("主窗口")
win.geometry("400x200")
tk.Label(win, text="Toplevel-主窗口").pack(pady=20)


# 子顶层1 依赖于主窗口;如果主窗口关闭,子顶层也被关闭
w1 = tk.Toplevel(win)
w1.title("w1 in win")
w1.geometry("300x150")
tk.Label(w1, text="子窗口1依托于主窗口").pack(padx=20, pady=20)

# 子窗口2 临时顶层,画于主窗口顶部,如果主窗口图标最小化,子顶层最小化
w2 = tk.Toplevel(win)
w2.title("w2 in win")
w2.geometry("300x150")
tk.Label(w2, text="子窗口2依托于主窗口").pack(padx=20, pady=20)
w2.transient(win)


# 子窗口3
w3 = tk.Toplevel(win, borderwidth=5, bg='lightyellow')
tk.Label(w3, text='没有装饰的窗口', bg='red', fg='white').pack(padx=20, pady=20)
w3.overrideredirect(True)
w3.geometry('200x80+200+200')

win.mainloop()

效果
Toplevel

三、解释

  1. 根窗口:创建GUI必须使用的win=tkinter.Tk()创建
  2. 子窗口1win1 = tkinter.Toplevel(win)表明win1依托于win
  3. 子窗口2win2 = tkinter.Toplevel(win),同时,win2.transient(win)子窗口2与根窗口绑定,跟窗口最小化,子窗口2最小化,并且总显示在根窗口最前面。
  4. 子窗口3win3=tkinter.Toplevel(win)win3.overrideredirect(True)创建的窗口不能被缩放或拖动

四、举一反三

代码

import tkinter as tk

# 主顶层
win = tk.Tk()
win.title("主窗口")
win.geometry("400x200")
tk.Label(win, text="Toplevel-主窗口").pack(pady=20)

# 子顶层1 依赖于主窗口;如果主窗口关闭,子顶层也被关闭
w1 = tk.Toplevel()
w1.title("w1 in win")
w1.geometry("300x150+300+300")
tk.Label(w1, text="子窗口1依托于主窗口").pack(padx=20, pady=20)
w1.withdraw()

# 子窗口2 临时顶层,画于主窗口顶部,如果主窗口图标最小化,子顶层最小化
w2 = tk.Toplevel()
w2.title("w2 in win")
w2.geometry("300x150+300+300")
tk.Label(w2, text="子窗口2依托于主窗口").pack(padx=20, pady=20)
# w2.transient(win)
w2.withdraw()

# 子窗口3
w3 = tk.Toplevel(borderwidth=5, bg='lightyellow')
w3.geometry('200x80+300+300')
w3.overrideredirect(True)
tk.Label(w3, text='没有装饰的窗口', bg='red', fg='white').pack(padx=20, pady=20)
w3.withdraw()

frame = tk.Frame(win)
frame.pack()
btn1 = tk.Button(frame, text="子窗口1", command=lambda : w1.deiconify())
btn1.pack(side="left", padx=5)
btn2 = tk.Button(frame, text="子窗口2", command=lambda : w2.deiconify())
btn2.pack(side="left", padx=5)
btn3 = tk.Button(frame, text="子窗口3", command=lambda : w3.deiconify())
btn3.pack(side="left", padx=5)

win.mainloop()

效果
toplevel效果

五、总结与反思

tkinter.toplevel()可以创建新的顶层容器,拓展了我们开发GUI更多的功能。学习的过程多调试,掌握每种顶层窗口的作用,在学习的过程,我们可以把简单的功能分别设计到各自的子窗口中,简化我们开发的难度,以及简化窗口布局的难度。
难点:

w3.overrideredirect(True)
w2.transient(win)

对上述代码的理解,多调试。

六、对Toplevel参数理解参考如下

  1. TKINTER TOPLEVEL
  2. Tkinter 之TopLevel顶级窗口
  3. Tkinter 组件详解(十九):Toplevel
  4. Tk(根窗口)和 Toplevel(顶级窗口)的方法汇总
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Abstract Describes the Tkinter widget set for constructing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in the Python programming language. This publication is available in Web form1 and also as a PDF document2. Please forward any comments to [email protected]. Table of Contents 1. What is Tkinter?.......................................................................................................................3 2. A minimal application..............................................................................................................3 3. Definitions..............................................................................................................................4 4. Layout management.................................................................................................................5 4.1. The .grid() method....................................................................................................5 4.2. Other grid management methods...................................................................................6 4.3. Configuring column and row sizes.................................................................................7 4.4. Making the root window resizeable................................................................................8 5. Standard attributes...................................................................................................................8 5.1. Dimensions...................................................................................................................9 5.2. The coordinate system...................................................................................................9 5.3. Colors...........................................................................................................................9 5.4. Type fonts...................................................................................................................10 5.5. Anchors......................................................................................................................11 5.6. Relief styles.................................................................................................................12 5.7. Bitmaps.......................................................................................................................12 5.8. Cursors.......................................................................................................................12 5.9. Images........................................................................................................................14 5.10. Geometry strings........................................................................................................14 5.11. Window names...........................................................................................................15 5.12. Cap and join styles.....................................................................................................15 5.13. Dash patterns.............................................................................................................16 5.14. Matching stipple patterns............................................................................................16 6. The Button widget................................................................................................................17 7. The Canvas widget................................................................................................................19 7.1. Canvas coordinates......................................................................................................20 7.2. The Canvas display list................................................................................................20 7.3. Canvas object IDs........................................................................................................21 7.4. Canvas tags................................................................................................................21 1http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/ 2http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/tkinter.pdf 1 Tkinter reference New Mexico Tech Computer Center 7.5. CanvastagOrId arguments......................................................................................21 7.6. Methods on Canvas widgets........................................................................................21 7.7. Canvas arc objects.......................................................................................................26 7.8. Canvas bitmap objects.................................................................................................28 7.9. Canvas image objects..................................................................................................29 7.10. Canvas line objects.....................................................................................................29 7.11. Canvas oval objects....................................................................................................31 7.12. Canvas polygon objects..............................................................................................32 7.13. Canvas rectangle objects.............................................................................................34 7.14. Canvas text objects.....................................................................................................35 7.15. Canvas window objects..............................................................................................36 8. The Checkbutton widget......................................................................................................37 9. The Entry widget..................................................................................................................40 9.1. Scrolling an Entry widget............................................................................................43 10. The Frame widget................................................................................................................43 11. The Label widget................................................................................................................44 12. The LabelFrame widget......................................................................................................46 13. The Listbox widget............................................................................................................48 13.1. Scrolling a Listbox widget........................................................................................52 14. The Menu widget..................................................................................................................52 14.1. Menu item creation (coption) options.........................................................................55 14.2. Top-level menus.........................................................................................................56 15. The Menubutton widget......................................................................................................57 16. The Message widget............................................................................................................59 17. The OptionMenu widget.......................................................................................................60 18. The PanedWindow widget....................................................................................................61 18.1. PanedWindow child configuration options...................................................................63 19. The Radiobutton widget....................................................................................................64 20. The Scale widget................................................................................................................67 21. The Scrollbar widget........................................................................................................70 21.1. The Scrollbarcommand callback............................................................................72 21.2. Connecting a Scrollbar to another widget................................................................73 22. The Spinbox widget............................................................................................................73 23. The Text widget..................................................................................................................78 23.1. Text widget indices...................................................................................................80 23.2. Text widget marks....................................................................................................81 23.3. Text widget images...................................................................................................82 23.4. Text widget windows...............................................................................................82 23.5. Text widget tags.......................................................................................................82 23.6. Setting tabs in a Text widget......................................................................................83 23.7. The Text widget undo/redo stack..............................................................................83 23.8. Methods on Text widgets..........................................................................................84 24. Toplevel: Top-level window methods..................................................................................91 25. Universal widget methods.....................................................................................................93 26. Standardizing appearance...................................................................................................101 26.1. How to name a widget class......................................................................................102 26.2. How to name a widget instance.................................................................................102 26.3. Resource specification lines.......................................................................................102 26.4. Rules for resource matching......................................................................................103 27. Connecting your application logic to the widgets...................................................................104 28. Control variables: the values behind the widgets...................................................................104 29. Focus: routing keyboard input.............................................................................................106 New Mexico Tech Computer Center Tkinter reference 2 30. Events................................................................................................................................107 30.1. Levels of binding......................................................................................................108 30.2. Event sequences.......................................................................................................109 30.3. Event types..............................................................................................................109 30.4. Event modifiers........................................................................................................110 30.5. Key names...............................................................................................................111 30.6. Writing your handler: The Event class......................................................................113 30.7. The extra arguments trick..........................................................................................115 30.8. Virtual events...........................................................................................................116 31. Pop-up dialogs....................................................................................................................116 31.1. The tkMessageBox dialogs module..........................................................................116 31.2. The tkFileDialog module.....................................................................................118 31.3. The tkColorChooser module.................................................................................119

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